NCT04467931

ACEI or ARB and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in US Veterans

Association Between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Among US Veterans

• Status: Completed
• Phase: —
• Study type: Observational
• Enrollment: 22,213 (actual)
• Sponsor: University of Utah · Academic / Other
• Sex: All
• Age: 18 Years
• Healthy volunteers: Not accepted

Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, enters type II pneumocytes using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It is unclear whether ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increase, decrease, or have no significant effect on ACE2 expression or activity. Therefore, ACEI and ARB may be harmful, beneficial, or have no impact on Coronavirus Disease 2019 severity and mortality. The Specific Aims of this observational study are: (1) Among SARS-CoV-2-positive outpatients, compare all-cause hospitalization and mortality rates between: 1.1 Current users of a range of doses of ACEI/ARB- vs. non- ACEI/ARB-based regimens, and 1.2 Current users of a range of doses of ACEI- vs. ARB-based regimens, and (2) Among those hospitalized for COVID-19, compare all-cause mortality between: 2.1 Current users of a range of doses of ACEI/ARB- vs. non- ACEI/ARB-based regimens, and 2.2 Current users of a range of doses of ACEI- vs. ARB-based regimens.

Detailed description

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed \>129,000 Americans as of June 30, 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, enters type II pneumocytes using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase ACE2 expression. Theoretically, if ACEI/ARB use increases ACE2 expression in the lungs, ACEI/ARBs could promote SARS-CoV-2 entry into type II pneumocytes and worsen COVID-19 infection. In contrast, other evidence suggests that ACEI/ARBs may mitigate virus-induced inflammatory responses in the lungs by upregulating ACE2-mediated generation of the vasodilator and anti-inflammatory protein angiotensin-(1-7), thereby preventing tissue damage. Few data exist on the direction or magnitude of the association between ACEI/ARB use and COVID-19 severity, and whether these associations differ between ACEIs and ARBs. Because ACEI/ARBs are among the most commonly used prescription medications, it is critical to determine if ACEI/ARB users have a differential risk of more severe COVID-19 infection compared to non-users. The objective of this study is to reduce morbidity and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic by generating timely evidence on the direction and magnitude of the association between ACEI/ARB use and COVID-19 severity and mortality.

Conditions

• Hypertension
• COVID

Interventions

Type	Name	Description
DRUG	ACEI/ARB	Veterans will be categorized as exposed to ACEI/ARB if they have one or more pharmacy fills for an oral ACEI or an ARB in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date. Sacubitril/valsartan (Brand name: Entresto®) will be excluded from ARB exposures.
DRUG	Non-ACEI/ARB	Veterans will be categorized as exposed to a non-ACEI/ARB if they have one or more pharmacy fills for an oral non-ACEI or ARB medication in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date and NO fills for an ACEI/ARB medication in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date. Specific drug classes include: aldosterone receptor antagonist, beta-blocker, calcium channel blocker, centrally-acting drug, direct arterial vasodilator, direct renin inhibitor, thiazide diuretic, loop diuretic, and potassium sparing diuretic.
DRUG	ACEI	Veterans will be categorized as exposed to an ACEI if they have one or more pharmacy fills for an oral ACEI in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date and NO fills for an oral ARB in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date.
DRUG	ARB	Veterans will be categorized as exposed to an ARB if they have one or more pharmacy fills for an oral ACEI in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date and NO fills for an oral ACEI in the 90 days (± 14 days) prior to each Veteran's index date. Sacubitril/valsartan (Brand name: Entresto®) will be excluded from ARB exposures.

Timeline

• Start date: 2020-01-19
• Primary completion: 2020-10-21
• Completion: 2020-12-31
• First posted: 2020-07-13
• Last updated: 2021-04-28

Locations

1 site across 1 country: United States

Regulatory

• FDA-regulated drug study