NCT07483931

Priming Magnitude and Retention in Highly Trained Male Volleyball Players

Priming Magnitude and Retention in Highly Trained Male Volleyball Players Are Unaffected by Exercise Type, Muscle Temperature, or Viscoelasticity

• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Study type: Interventional
• Enrollment: 14 (actual)
• Sponsor: The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice · Academic / Other
• Sex: Male
• Age: —
• Healthy volunteers: Accepted

Summary

This study examined whether a short, high-intensity isometric exercise can influence physical performance and muscle characteristics several hours after it is performed. Specifically, the study compared the effects of a maximal isometric conditioning activity with a typical volleyball-specific warm-up routine. Highly trained male volleyball players participated in the study. Each participant completed two experimental conditions in a randomized crossover design: (1) a maximal isometric conditioning activity and (2) a volleyball-specific warm-up used as a control condition. The researchers evaluated changes in countermovement jump performance, muscle viscoelastic properties of the rectus femoris, and skin surface temperature over the quadriceps muscle. Measurements were taken before the intervention and again 6 hours and 30 hours later to determine whether the conditioning activity produced delayed improvements in neuromuscular performance. Understanding these delayed effects may help coaches and athletes optimize training and competition preparation strategies. The results of this study may provide insights into whether specific conditioning exercises can enhance or maintain explosive performance in volleyball players several hours after they are performed.

Detailed description

This study investigated the delayed effects of a maximal isometric conditioning activity on neuromuscular performance and muscle mechanical properties in highly trained male volleyball players. Conditioning activities are often used in sport to induce post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), which may improve explosive performance such as jumping. While most studies have examined the acute effects occurring within minutes after the conditioning activity, less is known about possible delayed responses occurring several hours later. The aim of this study was to determine whether a maximal isometric conditioning protocol could influence countermovement jump performance, muscle viscoelastic properties, and skin surface temperature several hours after its application. The study also compared these effects with those produced by a volleyball-specific warm-up routine commonly used in training and competition settings. A randomized crossover design was used. Participants completed two experimental conditions on separate occasions: (1) a maximal isometric conditioning activity and (2) a volleyball-specific warm-up serving as a control condition. All participants were highly trained male volleyball players with experience in resistance and plyometric training. Neuromuscular performance was assessed using countermovement jump tests. In addition, muscle mechanical properties of the rectus femoris were evaluated using a myotonometric device to determine muscle stiffness and other viscoelastic characteristics. Skin surface temperature over the quadriceps muscle group was also measured to monitor potential physiological responses to the conditioning activity. Measurements were collected at baseline before the intervention and repeated 6 hours and 30 hours after the conditioning protocol or the control warm-up. This design allowed the researchers to examine whether a single high-intensity isometric stimulus could induce delayed changes in neuromuscular performance or muscle properties. Understanding delayed performance responses to conditioning activities may help coaches and athletes better plan training sessions and competition preparation. If such activities can produce beneficial effects several hours later, they could be strategically implemented earlier in the day to optimize performance during later training sessions or competitions.

Conditions

• Athletic Performance

Interventions

Type	Name	Description
BEHAVIORAL	Isometric Conditioning Activity (ICA)	Participants performed a maximal voluntary isometric back-squat protocol consisting of 3 sets of 5 repetitions of 3-second maximal contractions at a knee joint angle of 120°. Each set was separated by 3 minutes of rest. The protocol was performed on a fixed barbell setup designed to allow maximal isometric force production.
BEHAVIORAL	Volleyball-Specific Warm-Up (Control Condition)	Participants performed a 9-minute volleyball-specific warm-up consisting of mobility exercises and plyometric drills designed to prepare athletes for explosive movements typical for volleyball.

Timeline

• Start date: 2026-01-05
• Primary completion: 2026-01-17
• Completion: 2026-01-17
• First posted: 2026-03-19
• Last updated: 2026-03-19

Locations

1 site across 1 country: Poland