NCT06846723

Stress Ball Effects to Pain, Anxiety, Satisfaction and Treatment Continuity During ESWL

The Effect of Stress Ball on Pain, Anxiety, Satisfaction and Treatment Continuity in Patıents With Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Study type: Interventional
• Enrollment: 64 (actual)
• Sponsor: Mersin University · Academic / Other
• Sex: All
• Age: 18 Years
• Healthy volunteers: Not accepted

Summary

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a minimally invasive procedure, is used in the treatment of urolithiasis. The shock waves used in this procedure, which does not require any incision, cause pain in the superficial structures of the body such as skin, muscles and deep structures such as costae, nerves and kidney tissue. This pain may cause patients not to tolerate the treatment, delay in recovery, decrease in the effectiveness of the treatment and decrease in satisfaction. Patients may also experience anxiety about the procedure prior to treatment. Anxious patients experience more pain during ESWL. Pain and anxiety increase the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and neuroendocrine response, leading to physiologic changes such as increased blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen requirement of the body. This may negatively affect the vital signs of the patients. Therefore, it is essential to relieve pain and anxiety in patients undergoing ESWL and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods are used for this purpose. Pharmacologic methods such as analgesics, opioids and sedative agents are used to reduce pain and anxiety in patients. Since these methods have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, gastric bleeding, respiratory depression, tachycardia, constipation, the use of non-pharmacological methods that can be applied by nurses is increasing. One of the non-pharmacologic methods is the stress ball, which uses the sense of touch to divert attention with cognitive focus. In this simple, reliable, cheap and easily accessible method, pain and anxiety are reduced by directing the mind to the attention-grabbing stimulus.

Detailed description

Urolithiasis, which affects more than 12% of the world population and is one of the most common diseases of the urinary system, is diagnosed with pain, urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis, colicky pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, fever and chills, foul-smelling and cloudy urine as a result of stone obstruction of the ureter. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which is a highly minimally invasive procedure, is used in the treatment of urolithiasis in case of failure of medical treatments. This method is particularly effective for renal stones smaller than 2 cm and located in the upper ureter; however, it is also frequently preferred before surgical intervention due to its noninvasiveness and low morbidity. In extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, high-energy shock waves are used to break the stone into small pieces that can rapidly pass through the ureters. The shock waves used in this procedure, which does not require any incision, cause pain in superficial structures of the body such as skin, muscle and deep structures such as costae, nerves and renal tissue. This pain may cause patients not to tolerate the treatment, delay in recovery, decrease in the effectiveness of the treatment and decrease in satisfaction. In addition, patients may experience anxiety about the procedure to be performed before treatment. Patients who experience anxiety experience more pain during ESWL. Pain and anxiety increase the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and neuroendocrine response, leading to physiologic changes such as increased blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen requirement of the body. This may negatively affect the vital signs of patients. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate pain and anxiety in patients undergoing ESWL and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods are used for this purpose. Pharmacologic methods such as analgesics, opioids and sedative agents are used to reduce pain and anxiety in patients. Since these methods have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, gastric bleeding, respiratory depression, tachycardia, and constipation, the use of non-pharmacologic methods that can be applied by nurses is increasing. Stress ball, which is one of the non-pharmacologic methods, provides diversion of attention with cognitive focusing by using the sense of touch. In this simple, reliable, inexpensive and easily accessible method, pain and anxiety are reduced by directing the mind to the attention-grabbing stimulus. In the literature, studies evaluating the effect of music on pain and anxiety in patients undergoing ESWL are common; however, only two studies evaluating the effect of stress ball were found. In these studies, the effects of two different non-pharmacologic methods, both stress ball and music, were examined; however, the effects on the satisfaction levels of the patients and their attendance to ESWL sessions were not examined. In the literature, it was reported that approximately 72-75% of patients underwent three or more ESWL sessions at 7-10 day intervals. However, inadequate management of patients' pain and anxiety may adversely affect their continuity of treatment and cause them to prefer surgical intervention instead of continuing ESWL sessions. Based on this information, in this study, it was aimed to examine the effect of stress ball on pain and anxiety in patients undergoing ESWL, as well as the effect of stress ball on patients' satisfaction levels and ESWL continuation status, unlike the literature. With the findings of the study, it is planned to contribute to the literature and to provide evidence for the importance of the use of non-pharmacologic methods.

Conditions

• Urolithiasis
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Interventions

Type	Name	Description
OTHER	Stress ball	In addition to the routine treatment and care practices of the outpatient clinic, the patients included in the study group will be applied stress ball during ESWL. The researcher (CK) will explain and show the patients how to apply the stress ball 10 minutes before the procedure. The stress ball will be applied during the ESWL session and a round, medium-hard, high-quality silicone ball with an average diameter of 6 cm will be used. Patients will be asked to take the ball in the palm of their hand and squeeze and release the ball once after counting to three. Patients will be instructed to continue this practice until the end of the ESWL procedure and to pay attention to the stress ball during the procedure. The ball will be washed and cleaned after each use and wiped with disposable asepsis wipes before being given to the patient.

Timeline

• Start date: 2025-05-28
• Primary completion: 2025-09-15
• Completion: 2025-09-30
• First posted: 2025-02-26
• Last updated: 2025-10-07

Locations

1 site across 1 country: Turkey (Türkiye)