NCT03012048

Effectiveness of Point-of-use Water Treatment Technologies to Prevent Stunting Among Children in South Africa

Effectiveness of Low-cost Point-of-use Water Treatment Technologies to Prevent Stunting Among Children in Limpopo, South Africa

• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Study type: Interventional
• Enrollment: 415 (actual)
• Sponsor: University of Virginia · Academic / Other
• Sex: All
• Age: —
• Healthy volunteers: Accepted

Summary

This project is a community-based randomized controlled trial designed to test the effectiveness of two point-of-use water treatment technologies to improve clean drinking water access, reduce enteropathogen burden, and improve child growth among children in Limpopo, South Africa.

Detailed description

Lack of access to safe water in low-resource settings likely contributes to stunted growth early in life, which affects more than a quarter of children under 5 years worldwide. Point-of-use water treatment technologies have the potential to provide effective and low-cost solutions to improving quality of drinking water in these settings. One such technology, a silver-impregnated ceramic disk, continually disinfects water in household water storage containers by diffusing silver into the water for daily treatment of 10 to 15 liters for at least six months. Silver-impregnated ceramic water filters are another commercially available technology that additionally remove pathogens mechanically. While both technologies have proven to be highly effective in treating water, it is unknown whether the use of these technologies will translate to improvements in child health outcomes. This community-based intervention trial will estimate the effect of the silver-impregnated ceramic disk and a silver-impregnated ceramic water filter on linear growth of children in Limpopo, South Africa. Households in the Dzimauli community will be randomized to receive the ceramic disk, a water filter, the safe-storage water container alone, or no intervention. Children will be followed every three months for 2 years to assess height, weight, and pathogen burden in stool samples. Cognitive assessments will be completed at 2, 5, and 7 years of follow-up. The investigators hypothesize that children in households given the ceramic disk or the water filter will show improved linear growth compared to those in households without these interventions. The investigators expect that the ceramic disk will perform similarly to the water filter and result in similar improvements in linear growth when compared to children from control households. Estimates of effectiveness demonstrated in this trial will provide the necessary evidence base to support the scale-up of manufacturing and distribution of the ceramic disks and filters, which could provide a robust point-of-use water treatment solution for rural areas. By helping to identify effective tools to reduce the risk of stunting in children, the trial will contribute to targets to improve child health in low-resource settings.

Conditions

• Diarrhoea;Infectious;Presumed
• Diarrhea, Infantile
• Diarrhea Tropical
• Environmental Exposure
• Enteropathy
• Malnutrition, Child

Interventions

Type	Name	Description
DEVICE	Silver-impregnated ceramic tablet	A silver-impregnated ceramic disk used for drinking water treatment that was developed by engineers at the University of Virginia. When the ceramic disk is placed in a household water storage container, silver diffuses through the porous ceramic into the water at a release rate that is effective for continual disinfection of waterborne pathogens while remaining below the silver drinking water standard. The disk is effective for daily treatment of 10 to 15 liters for at least six months. This intervention was removed from the study in July 2017 (approximately at 1 year of follow-up).
DEVICE	Silver-impregnated ceramic water filter	Silver-impregnated ceramic water filter are well-developed, tested, and widely-used devices. In addition to mechanically removing pathogens, the filter is treated with silver to reduce live pathogens that pass through the filter and to provide residual disinfectant to reduce risk of recontamination after treatment. This intervention was replaced with ceramic filters without silver in Dec 2017 (approximately at 1.5 years of follow-up).
DEVICE	Safe-storage water container	The safe-storage water containers used in this study are plastic buckets with a spigot, purchased locally.

Timeline

• Start date: 2016-06-01
• Primary completion: 2018-12-01
• Completion: 2020-12-01
• First posted: 2017-01-06
• Last updated: 2025-07-15

Locations

1 site across 1 country: South Africa