NCT01904994

Link4Health: A Combination Strategy for Linkage and Retention, Swaziland

LINK4HEALTH: A Combination Approach to Linkage and Retention for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Infected Individuals in Swaziland

• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Study type: Interventional
• Enrollment: 2,201 (actual)
• Sponsor: Columbia University · Academic / Other
• Sex: All
• Age: 18 Years
• Healthy volunteers: Not accepted

Summary

Despite increased HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection testing in Africa, many patients never enroll in subsequent HIV care after testing or remain in care after an initial enrollment. This study's aim is to improve linkage to HIV care and retention in HIV care through the use of feasible, evidence-based, and practical interventions. The study takes place in Swaziland, the country with the highest HIV prevalence (24%) in sub-Saharan Africa. The study will randomize groups of HIV testing sites and affiliated clinics to either standard of care or a combined intervention strategy (CIS) which consists of point-of care CD4 (cluster differentiation 4 (CD4)) testing at time of HIV testing, fast-track HIV medications for those who are eligible for treatment,mobile phone appointment reminders, care bags filled with health prevention materials, and financial incentives. The study outcomes are linkage to and retention in care as well as cost effectiveness, feasibility of interventions, and patient acceptability of interventions.

Detailed description

Linkage of patients from HIV testing to HIV care programs and their retention once enrolled in care are essential to HIV program effectiveness in terms of prevention of HIV;related morbidity and mortality and prevention of HIV transmission. Linkage and retention rates in HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are suboptimal, with less than half of patients who test positive successfully linking and remaining in care at 1 year. This study is a two-arm cluster site;randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of a novel combination package of evidence;based interventions, the combination intervention strategy (CIS), compared to standard of care (SOC) on linkage and retention of HIV;positive patients from point of testing to retention in care. CIS will include 1) point of care CD4+ count assays at HIV testing sites; 2) accelerated antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for eligible patients; 3) provision of a basic care and prevention package (BCPP); 4) short message service (SMS) reminders for clinic appointments; and 5) financial incentives for linkage and retention. The primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of CIS as compared to SOC on the combined outcome of rapid linkage to HIV care within 1 month and retention in care at 12 months among adults testing positive for HIV. Secondary aims include evaluation of the effectiveness of CIS compared to SOC on each of linkage to HIV; retention in care; time to ART initiation; HIV disease progression and mortality; patient acceptability; association between baseline characteristics and outcomes, and comparison of cost effectiveness.

Conditions

• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Interventions

Type	Name	Description
PROCEDURE	POC (point-of-care) CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Count	Each HIV testing and counseling (HTC) site will be equipped with POC CD4+ testing using PIMA™ Analyser (Inverness), test strips, and reagents. Study staff will obtain 25 microliters of blood via finger prick and process the POC (point-of-care) CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Count' test immediately following the baseline interview. Test results will be recorded on study forms including a referral form that has multiple copies, one copy to be given to the participant, the second sent to the affiliated HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)care clinic in the study unit, and the third kept by study staff in a locked cabinet with other confidential material. All participants, regardless of the CD4+ result, will be encouraged to enroll in HIV care as soon as they can.
PROCEDURE	Accelerated ART (antiretroviral therapy) Initiation	Accelerated ART initiation for patients with POC CD4+ \< 350 cells/uL (micro-liter) within 1 week from testing. 2 counseling sessions (one at time of HTC and other at first HIV clinic visit), and collection of blood for other baseline lab tests, but initiation prior to return of results for patients who do not meet criteria for waiting
BEHAVIORAL	Basic Care and Prevention Package	Basic care and prevention package (BCPP) provided approximately every three months that includes: condoms; soap, pill box and pictorial education about use of materials and HIV, such as family testing tools and information. Information on BCPP contents and review the educational materials will be provided. An example of educational materials is a family-testing tool to encourage the participant to have all family members tested for HIV. All BCPP items will be replenished every 3 months for all participants, regardless of ART status, beginning at linkage to HIV care.
BEHAVIORAL	Cellular Appointment Reminders and Follow-Up	SMS (short messaging service) appointment reminders for follow-up appointments. Telephone call within 7 days of missed appointment for all patients.
OTHER	Financial Incentive	Participants will receive a series of financial incentives to support linkage into care within 1 month and retention in care at 6 months and 12 months after testing HIV positive. The value of the financial incentive (FI) will be 80 Swaziland Rand, calculated based on the associated financial costs of traveling to clinic. These incentives will be distributed by through mobile airtime. Participants without mobile phones will be given an alternative incentive of equal value, such as a store voucher.

Timeline

• Start date: 2013-08-01
• Primary completion: 2016-05-01
• Completion: 2021-10-12
• First posted: 2013-07-22
• Last updated: 2021-10-22

Locations

20 sites across 1 country: Eswatini